翻译技巧(一)
转载请注明来自丁香园
发布日期: 2006-11-19 16:48 文章来源: 丁香园
关键词: 翻译 技巧 英语 点击次数:

以下是我们上课时老师的课件,希望对大家有用,与大家共同学习,共同提高。但这只是通用的翻译的一些理论和技巧,并不是专门针对医学英语的;且我们课时非常有限,该课件内容不可能涵盖翻译的方方面面,只是最常用的一些方法。

Unit 1 Introduction

I. Definition of Translation (翻译的定义)

American Eugene Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
美国翻译理论家尤金•奈达:翻译就是在译语中用最为贴切自然的对等语再现原语的信息——首先是就意义而言,其次是就风格而言。

Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.

II.  Principles of Translation (翻译的标准)

  Faithfulness 忠实
  Smoothness 通顺

1) The complaints of the patient did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease.
原:病人的主述没有回答此病的适当表现。
改:病人的主述不符合此病应有的表现。

2)  A woman with child came to see her doctor.

3)  Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.
原:健康高于财富,因为这个不能象那个给人们很多幸福。
改:健康比财富更重要,因为财富不能象健康那样给人们带来幸福。

III. The Factors that Affect the Quality of Translation (决定翻译质量的因素)

1.  Language
2.  General knowledge
3.  Working attitude

The name of the game is controlling the population.
游戏的名称是控制人口。
问题的关键是控制人口。

IV.  Process of Translation (翻译的过程)

1.  Thorough comprehension
2.  Accurate and proper expression
3.  Sentence reconstruction

1)Not having children after getting married is not yet widely acceptable in a family-oriented society.

2)It is now thought that the more work we give our brains, the more work they are able to do.

3)During one four-year period about 600 years ago, the Black Death killed at least 25 million people in Europe.
原译:大约600年前黑死病在四年中至少使2500万欧洲人死亡。
改译:在大约600年前一次为期四年的流行期中,黑死病至少使2500万欧洲人丧生。

V. Differences between English and Chinese (英汉语言现象对比)

从形态学的角度来看,汉语是分析型语言(analytic),英语是综合型语言(synthetic)。分析型语言:语言中的语法关系不是通过词本身的形态表达,而是通过词汇、词序、句法等手段表达。综合型语言:通过词本身的形态变化表达语法意义。英语词形态变化相对丰富,用于标示语法范畴,表达语法意义,并集中体现在动词的形态变化上,形成以动词形态变化为主轴的句法模式,意义紧紧与句法形态相结合。

  语序
汉语的语序比较固定,一般按事件与行为发生的先后顺序排列,它反映了中国人逻辑思维的过程及事件发展的客观规律。如:

1)  他起身拿了雨伞就走了。
2)  没有票怎么去看电影呢?
3)  我吃了午饭就去给你买药。

英语语序比较灵活,不一定按这一顺序排列:

1)  He stood up, took the umbrella and went away.
2)  How can we go and see the film without tickets?
3)  I'll go to buy medicine for you after lunch.

  名词的数
two cultures taken as a whole 将两种文化视为一体
two cultures taken as wholes 将两种文化各自视为一体

  动词的时态
They loved each other and there is no love lost between them.
他们过去是相爱的,但现在已没什么感情可言了。

  动词的语态
In every game, they were bested by the visitors.
每场比赛他们都败在客队的手下。

  句子的语气
我想借你的词典用一下。
I want use your dictionary.
I wander if I can use your dictionary.

1.  英语重结构(形合),汉语重语意(意合)

意合(parataxis)与形合(hypotaxis)是语言组织法,是从意义到具体语言形式的两个既有各自特点又不相互排斥的途径,意合指词语或语句间的连接主要凭借语意和语句间的逻辑关系来实现,而形合则是指词语和语句间的连接主要依仗连接词或语言形态手段来实现,也就是说要严格按语法规则组句。汉语属语意型语言,英语属语法型语言。汉语词与词、句与句的关系是隐含的(convertness),让对话人意会,如:“汗流浃背”(先汗流后浃背),“玩物丧志”(玩物是因,丧志是果),“不进则退”(不进是条件,则退是结果)。

  出了院门,四顾一看,并无二色,远远的是青松翠竹,自己却似装在玻璃盆内一般。于是走至山坡之下,顺着山脚刚转过去,已闻得一股寒香扑鼻,回头一看,却是妙玉那边栊翠庵中有数株红梅,如胭脂一般,映着雪色,分外显得精神,好不有趣。《红楼梦》

Don't come in until I call you.

不叫你不要进来。

1)It is not the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.
酒不醉人人自醉。

2)The train hadn't yet fully stopped before Jones was off and running along the side looking underneath for his son.
列车还没有完全停下来,琼斯就跳下去,沿着列车狂奔, 在列车下面寻找儿子。

3)Turn right after passing the Post Office.

2.英语多静态(stative),汉语多动态(dynamic)

英语是综合型语言,它的一个显著特征是词缀丰富。这使得有些动词和形容词很容易派生为名词,从而使名词化现象非常常见(nominalization)。英译汉时,适当多考虑用动词,以静转动,反之亦然。

  名词代替动词

1)医生迅速到达,并非常仔细地检查了病人,因此病人很快就康复了。
a. The doctor arrived quickly and examined the patient uncommonly carefully; the result was that he recovered very speedily.
b. The doctor's quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

2)Rockets have been found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已经用来探索宇宙。

3)He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue.
他绝望了,正在此时,他见到远方的帆影,有了绝处逢生的希望。

  介词代替动词

1)The smell of wild flowers came to us on the light breeze that was blowing.
野花的芬芳乘着清风扑面而来。

2)He has someone behind him.
有人给他撑腰。

下一页 >
分页: [1]   [2 ]   [3 ]   [4 ]   [5 ]  

请点这里参加丁香园论坛讨论 >>

   作者: acer_00


以下网友留言只代表网友个人观点,不代表网站观点



请输入验证码: