设想一下,如果我们可以停止老化过程前进的脚步,那么身体的器官就可以在今后的日子里永远年轻。这正是美国一组科学家最新在小鼠肝脏实现的事情,而他们的最终目标是将该方法应用于人类。相关论文8月10日在线发表于《自然—医学》(Nature Medicine)。
当机体衰老时,被破坏的蛋白逐渐在细胞中积累,但到目前为止,无人知道这是否是造成器官功能衰落的原因。在新的研究中,由美国艾伯特 爱因斯坦医学院Ana Maria Cuervo领导的研究小组发现,细胞清洁机制的不良好运转导致了蛋白累积。通过基因工程令衰老小鼠的清洁系统持续运转,研究人员阻止了它们肝脏的老化。衰老的蛋白由体内一种名为“伴侣”(chaperone)的分子负责清除,该分子可以进入充满酶的细胞器——溶酶体。为了延长该清洁系统的工作寿命,Cuervo小组为年老的小鼠增加了一个额外的基因副本,它负责编码使“伴侣”进入溶酶体的受体蛋白。研究人员发现,这些基因改造小鼠的肝脏功能与年轻正常小鼠的一样好,且远好于那些没有导入该基因副本的同龄鼠。由于科学家尚且无法安全地向人类体内添加该基因,因此该技术能否应用于人类还不确定。不过,Cuervo解释道,找到一种能够阻断已存受体蛋白分解的药物,也可以达到相同的效果。她说,“我们目前正在以这种思路进行药物筛选,以期能够找到稳定这种受体的化合物。”除此之外,Cuervo认为,单纯通过饮食控制也有望更好地维持该清洁路径。她说,科学家已经知道该蛋白受体的稳定性与脂类的变化相关,因此低脂肪饮食可以延长受体寿命。鉴于该蛋白清洁路径是整个肌体通用的,研究人员希望能够将新发现推广到其他的器官中去,比如大脑。在阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏症中,脑细胞内都存在着异常高的蛋白量。因此,如果能够改善这些蛋白的清洁机制,或许能够推迟病症的发作。
不过,其他一些人仍存在怀疑。美国加州大学旧金山分校的Douglas Schmucker说,“我们尚且不能在非人灵长动物的相同酶中证实类似的与年龄相关的变化。啮齿动物的肝脏或许不是最适合的模拟人类相应变化的模型。”
Nature Medicine,doi:10.1038/nm.1851,Cong Zhang & Ana Maria Cuervo
Restoration of chaperone-mediated autophagy in aging liver improves cellular maintenance and hepatic function
Cong Zhang1 & Ana Maria Cuervo1Bioon.com
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), a selective mechanism for degradation of cytosolic proteins in lysosomes, contributes to the removal of altered proteins as part of the cellular quality-control systems1, 2. We have previously found that CMA activity declines in aged organisms and have proposed that this failure in cellular clearance could contribute to the accumulation of altered proteins, the abnormal cellular homeostasis and, eventually, the functional loss characteristic of aged organisms. To determine whether these negative features of aging can be prevented by maintaining efficient autophagic activity until late in life, in this work we have corrected the CMA defect in aged rodents. We have generated a double transgenic mouse model in which the amount of the lysosomal receptor for CMA, previously shown to decrease in abundance with age3, can be modulated. We have analyzed in this model the consequences of preventing the age-dependent decrease in receptor abundance in aged rodents at the cellular and organ levels. We show here that CMA activity is maintained until advanced ages if the decrease in the receptor abundance is prevented and that preservation of autophagic activity is associated with lower intracellular accumulation of damaged proteins, better ability to handle protein damage and improved organ function.
1 Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology and Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center and Institute for Aging Research, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
作者: 紫笑云天
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