网友[风起的时候]:
原发性进展型MS
诊断标准:
One year of disease progression (retrospectively or prospectively determined) and
Two of the following:
a. Positive brain MRI (nine T2 lesions or four or more T2 lesions with positive VEP)f
b. Positive spinal cord MRI (two focal T2 lesions)
c. Positive CSFd
自然史:
Mean disease duration was 17.2 years (0.3 to 49.6 years), mean onset age was 40.1 years (SD 11.5), and 53% (187) were female.
与继发进展型MS的关系
Progressive relapsing and primary progressive cases were essentially similar in their clinical characteristics. In patients experiencing a progressive course, median age at onset of progressive phase was similar in secondary progressive cases and in cases who were progressive from onset (39.1 versus 40.1 years; P = 0.47). The proportion of cases with superimposed relapses during progression was approximately 40% in both categories.
总结:复发缓解型MS是年轻的MS,当患者活得足够长,就会不再有明显的复发缓解期了,进入继发进展型,一部分患者越过复发缓解期,直接进入进展型,就是原发进展型,这些患者的年龄都比较大了。进入继发进展型的患者和原发进展型患者的临床特点基本是一致的。 在复发缓解期,MS可能以炎症性为主,到后期(进展期),变型就是主要的机制了。
2005年最新修订的MS诊断标准:时间的分布要重要于空间的分布;MRI在首次发病的患者中,可以最近在一个月后就复查,观察有无新的T2病灶;原发性进展型MS可以没有CSF的证据。
下图:一次MS急性发作,在超早期进行的DWI检查——与中风的易混淆性。
MS超早期与中风可以鉴别的方法包括:
1、MS的病灶可以不符合血管分布区。2、近皮层(U型纤维)受累不是脑梗死所常见的。3、有环形强化的病灶倾向于诊断MS。
个人观点:本例患者的影像很难鉴别。相对而言,本例MS病灶的ADC在超早期的血管源性水肿成分高些(高信号区域)
MTR在MS中明显显示出低信号,在亚急性和慢性脑缺血灶中显示信号要明显高于MS。
下图是MS。
缺血灶
网友[markdragon]:
9、多发性硬化的贝他干扰素治疗仍需解决的问题在哪里?
IFNβ治疗是MS治疗中的重要里程碑,FDA于 1993年首先批准IFNβ-1b(Betaferon/Betaseron)治疗RRMS,随后IFNβ-1a(Avonex和Rebif)陆续上市。目前利比(Rebif)已经开始在中国大陆销售,国产IFNβ-1b的Ⅲ期临床观察也已接近尾声。
已经解决的问题:
1、主要研究均支持IFNβ治疗RRMS效果肯定[1,2,3],平均降低复发率达30%。
2、IFNβ-1b治疗处于病情活动期的SPMS患者有效;IFNβ-1a治疗SPMS女性患者有效[4,5,6]。
3、IFNβ治疗PPMS的临床研究不多,仅局限于几个较小样本的临床观察。Montalban等证实250μg IFNβ-1b隔日皮下注射治疗能延缓PPMS进展速度和脑内T2病灶的大小[7]。
4、对于可能的MS和伴有亚临床病变证据的临床孤立综合征(CIS)应该全面检查、尽早给予IFNβ治疗;对于无亚临床病变证据的CIS则应该长期随访。同时应该积极寻找CIS发展为CDMS的预测指标,以做到有的放矢[8,9]。
5、MS早期治疗有助于MS预后;而干扰素治疗的时间可能是患者能够耐受IFNβ可以应用更长时间[1]。
6、大剂量、高频次IFNβ治疗MS可以取得更好的疗效[10];可试用更大剂量IFNβ以取得更好疗效[11]。
7、多数IFNβ副作用比较轻微,严重或患者不能耐受的不良反应少见。最常见副作用是流感样症状,其次常出现的不良反应是注射部位反应,迟发性副作用通常在开始治疗的2~6个月出现,包括中性粒细胞增多、贫血、低钙血症和心脏毒性等[12]。
8、关于干扰素中和抗体:①中和抗体的出现与用药频率有关,频率越高出现率越高;②同一种药物治疗组内,出现中和抗体的患者疗效降低;但不同药物治疗组间,疗效与中和抗体阳性率无关;③大部分中和抗体随着用药时间延长会逐渐消失[13]。
总的来说,IFNβ治疗已经比较成熟。仍需要解决的问题包括:能否用更大剂量取得更好疗效?剂量增加,患者耐受情况如何?IFNβ治疗PPMS的疗效如何?
需要注意的是,随着对MS治疗研究的进展,目前IFNβ已经不是MS治疗中的主要药物,而Copaxone及那他珠单抗均已经被FDA批准,并正在发挥更为重要作用。其中Copaxone在美国的市场占有率已经超过IFNβ。而那他珠单抗由于其疗效更佳,更受到研究者关注。
参考文献
1. IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group, University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. Interferon beta-1b in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: final outcome of the randomized controlled trial[J]. Neurology,1995,45(7):1277-1285.
2. Jocobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis[J]. Ann Neurol, 1996, 39(3):285-294.
3. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group. Randomised double blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis[J]. Lancet,1998,352(9139): 1498-1504.
4. European Study Group on interferon beta-1b in secondary progressive MS. Placebo- controlled multicentre randomised trial of interferon beta-1b in treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis[J].Lancet,1998,352(9139): 1491-1497.
5. Barkhof F, van Waesberghe JH, Filippi M, et al. T1 hypointense lesions in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: effect of interferon beta-1b treatment[J]. Brain,2001,124(7):1396-1402.
6. McFarland HF and IFNb-1b SPM Study Group. Subcutaneous IFN beta-1b in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis[M]. 52nd Annual Meeting American Academy of Neurology, San Diego, 2000.
7. Montalban X. Overview of European pilot study of interferon beta-Ib in primary progressive multiple sclerosis[J]. Mult Scler,2004,(Suppl 1):S62-64.
8. Comi G, Filippi M, Barkhof F, et al. Effect of early interferon treatment on conversion to definite multiple sclerosis: a randomised study[J]. Lancet,2001, 357(9268): 1576-1582.
9. Filippi M, Rovaris M, Inglese M, et al. Interferon beta-1a for brain tissue loss in patients at presentation with syndromes suggestive of multiple sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet,2004,364(9444): 1489-1496.
10. PRISMS (Prevention of Relapses and Disability by Interferon beta-1a Subcutaneously in Multiple Sclerosis) Study Group, and the University of British Columbia MS/MRI Analysis Group. PRISMS-4: Long-term efficacy of interferon-beta-1a in relapsing MS[J]. Neurology, 2001,56(12):1628-1636.
11. Hurwitz BJ,Arnason BG, Bigley GK, et al. Safety and tolerability of 500 mg versus 250 mg of interferon beta-1b–first stage of the BEYOND (Betaseron /Betaferon® Efficacy Yielding Outcomes of a New Dose) program[J]. Mult Scler, 2003,9(Suppl 1):S40.
12. Walther EU, Hohlfeld R. Multiple sclerosis: side effects of interferon beta therapy and their management[J]. Neurology,1999,53:1622-1627.
13. Bertolotto A, Sala A, Malucchi S,et al. Biological activity of interferon betas in patients with multiple sclerosis is affected by treatment regimen and neutralising antibodies[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2004,75(9): 1294-1299. 015.干扰素-β治疗多发性硬化.PDF (290.05k)
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