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  形容词表示动词意义

1)I am doubtful whether he is still alive.
我怀疑他是否还活着。

2)They were news-hungry.
他们迫切地想得到消息。

by train 乘火车

in the rain 淋着雨

through the ages 古往今来

against the proposal 反对这项提议

3.英语多长句，汉语多短句

汉语句子意连形不连，句子之间的意义关系隐含其中，即使是长句，脉络与气韵能够感受但标记不明显；英语句子以形连表意连，表关系的关联词语如关系代词、关系副词都起着重要的纽带作用，主从关系、并列关系、因果关系、让步、条件等关系十分明确。汉语句子：一窝竹子，散落；英语句子：一棵大树，有主干（主句）、分枝（从句）、细枝（短语），支撑及依附关系一览无余。

1)In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.
译文：门口放着一堆雨伞，少说有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。
比较：门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色大小不一的雨伞。

2)Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
译文：我有一个问题弄不懂，想请教你，你能回答吗？
比较：你能回答一个使我弄不懂而又想问你的问题吗？

3)This hope of "early discovery" of lung cancer followed by surgical cure, which currently seems to be effective form of therapy, is often thwarted by diverse biology behaviors in the rate and direction of growth of cancer.
人们希望“早期发现”肺癌， 随之进行外科手术治疗。外科手术治疗目前看来是最有效的方法。可是，由于肺癌生长速度和生长方向等生物特征差异很大，早期发现的希望常常化为泡影。

4.英语后开放，汉语前开放

This is the cat.
This is the cat that killed the rat.
This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.
This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.
This is the cat that killed that rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that Jack built.
这是那只吃了老鼠的猫。老鼠吃了堆放在屋里的麦牙。那屋子是杰克盖的。

好！
她唱得好。
我听她唱得好。
开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。
那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。
我们学校那天开晚会的时候我听她唱得好。

5.英语多被动，汉语多主动

英汉语言心理对比：

主体意识与客体意识的对立是英汉语语言对比的又一大特点。汉语言心理中源远流长的主体思维方式，在表现中总是隐隐约约地反映了“万物皆备于我”的意思过程。因此，汉语常使用人称主语，而英语常使用非人称主语（impersonal subject）。汉语注重主体性叙述。英语兼顾主体性与客体性描述，倾向于客体性描述。因此， 汉语多用主动，英语多被动。

1)  It is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can by no means be compared with these processes of the scientists, and that they have to be required by a sort of special training. (1993)
许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

2)  Great advances have been made in surgery, especially in this century, and operations are now performed that had not even imagined fifty years ago.
外科已取得巨大进展，特别是在本世纪，现在已能做50年前甚至想都想不到的手术。

6.英语多代词，汉语多名词

1)  There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标，监测器就会使其停驶。

2)  He hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, despised it in others.
他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，并且藐视别人的失败。

EXERCISES

  英语重结构（语法型），汉语重语义（语义型）

1.  A high mountain stands in the east and a large river flows in the west.
东边有高山，西边有大河。

2.  He is so arrogant that no one will keep company with him.
他很狂妄自大，谁也不愿意与他交往。

3.  Few follow the advice of Isabella Beeton, the guru of British cooks in the 19th century who decreed in an early edition of her book that “a good meal, if enjoyed and digested, gives the support necessary for morning’s work. ”
19世纪英国烹饪大师伊莎贝拉•比顿曾在其著作的一个早期版本中说过：“受用一顿美餐，能使整个上午工作精力充沛。”这番高见现在很少有人领教了。

  英语多静态（stative），汉语多动态（dynamic）

4.  You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.
你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。

5.  He is in the full conviction that real knowledge is the end product of a thorough study of the history.
他深信，只有对历史加以透彻研究，才能真正学到知识。

6.  He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.
他统治那个地区长达20年之久。

7.  He is indiscriminate in reading.
他读书时不加选择。

8.  Lin Zexu believed that a successful ban of the trade in opium must be preceded by the destruction of the drug itself.
林则徐认为，要成功地禁止鸦片买卖，就得首先把鸦片销毁。

  英语后开放，汉语前开放

9.  Essential hypertension is the name given to the type of hypertension for which no cause can be found.
原因不明的高血压称为原发性高血压。

  英语多被动，汉语多主动

10.  The old lady had been stricken with a heart attack earlier in the morning.

11.  Measures have been taken to prevent the epidemic from spreading quickly.
已经采取了措施来防止这种流行病迅速蔓延。

  英语多长句，汉语多短句

12.  Medicine, like all branches of science, needs scholars who are able to develop appropriate “rules of evidence” and then apply those rules to the continuously flowering stream of new data to determine what is relevant.
医学像所有其他科学分支一样也需要能够发展“实证规则”并能将规则运用到不断流动的新信息流中以便决定哪些与自己学科相关的这类学者。
像所有的科学分支一样，医学需要这样的学者，他们即能开发适当的“实证规则”，又能把那些规则应用到不断变化的数据流中，进而确定哪些信息是相关的。

Assignment:
The bounty of Nature is equal to everyone, rich or poor, and therefore all men are strongly attached to her. This is particularly true in the rural areas, where people have kept the same lifestyle for a millennium or so. They plant crops and grapevines, brew wine to drink, feed cows to milk, and weed the gardens to grow flowers. They go to church at weekends, and they meet in the square on holidays, playing the violin, singing and dancing. The age-old land remains the same as their family hearth. Each place boasts its folklore and thereby social customs go down.
大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，除草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日在广场拉琴、唱歌和跳舞；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍存了下来。