癌症研究历史经典回顾和热点寻踪（二）
转载请注明来自丁香园
并不是只有Duesberg 一个人反对基因突变学说，还有不同的派别。来自Richmond T Prehn 的看法：
1: Prehn RT. Cancers beget mutations versus mutations beget cancers.Cancer Res. 1994 Oct 15;54(20):5296-300.
PMID: 7923156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Prehn RT. On the nature of cancer and why anticancer vaccines don't work.Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Aug 1;5(1):25.
PMID: 16060965 [PubMed]
3: Prehn RT. The role of mutation in the new cancer paradigm.Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 26;5(1):9.
PMID: 15854226 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
并不是只有Duesberg 一个人反对基因突变学说，还有不同的派别。来自Harris H. 的看法：
1: Harris H. A long view of fashions in cancer research.Bioessays. 2005 Aug;27:833-8.
PMID: 16015588 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Harris H. Tumour suppression: putting on the brakes.Nature. 2004 Jan 15;427(6971):201.
PMID: 14724616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Harris H. The role of differentiation in the suppression of malignancy.J Cell Sci. 1990 Sep;97 ( Pt 1):5-10. Review.
PMID: 2258391 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
关于细胞永生化问题，20世纪60年代以前，人们一向认为细胞在体外可以无限传代培养，而Hayflick打破了这个神话。
1: HAYFLICK L. THE LIMITED IN VITRO LIFETIME OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS.Exp Cell Res. 1965 Mar;37:614-36. .
PMID: 14315085 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
2: Hayflick L. Mortality and immortality at the cellular level. A review.Biochemistry (Mosc). 1997 Nov;62(11):1180-90. Review.
PMID: 9467840 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
基因突变学说中著名的二次打击学说，是Knudson AG于1971年在研究视网膜母细胞瘤的流行病学和家系遗传规律过程中提出的。
1: Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Apr;68(4):820-3.
PMID: 5279523 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Knudson AG. Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2001 Nov;1(2):157-62. Review.
PMID: 11905807 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
肿瘤免疫的概念起源于本世纪初。1909年Ehrlich首先提出，免疫系统不仅负责防御微生物侵犯，而且能从肌体内清除改变了的宿主成分。此后人们认识到癌细胞是改变了的宿主成分。本世纪中期，Foley证实，纯系小鼠诱发的肿瘤能在同系小鼠之间移植，如在肿瘤的生长过程中将移植瘤完全切除，小鼠会对再次接种的肿瘤产生抵抗能力，再次接种的肿瘤或者不再生长，或者长到一定的大小便自行消退。这种抗性有专一性，因为它对再次接种来源于同系动物的另一肿瘤没有抵抗能力。实验说明，肿瘤确能被宿主视为"非己"而产生特异的免疫排斥反应。这使人们相信机体存在着抗肿瘤免疫机制。六十年代经Thomas、Burnet和Good等人将该观点系统化，提出了免疫监视学说。免疫监视学说的中心思想是：免疫系统具有一个十分完备的监视功能，能精确地区分“自己”、“非己”的成分；它不仅能清除外界侵入的各种微生物，排斥同种异体移植物，而且还能消灭机体内突变的细胞，防止肿瘤的生长，保护机体的健康。每当免疫监视功能由于这种或那种原因被削弱时，便为肿瘤的发生提供了有利条件；如果机体不具备免疫监视功能，人类的肿瘤发病率会大大提高。 临床也得到了一些支持的证据。但是目前仍然存在争论。
1: Burnet FM. The concept of immunological surveillance.Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1970;13:1-27. Review. .
PMID: 4921480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Burnet FM. Immunological surveillance in neoplasia.Transplant Rev. 1971;7:3-25.
PMID: 5146537 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
目前关于免疫监视学说的进展和改进
1: Klein G, Klein E. Surveillance against tumors--is it mainly immunological?Immunol Lett. 2005 Aug 15;100(1):29-33. Review.
PMID: 16129497 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Zitvogel L, Tesniere A, Kroemer G. Cancer despite immunosurveillance: immunoselection and immunosubversion.Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Oct;6(10):715-27. Epub 2006 Sep 15. Review.
PMID: 16977338 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Smyth MJ, Dunn GP, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting: the roles of immunity in suppressing tumor development and shaping tumor immunogenicity.Adv Immunol. 2006;90:1-50.
PMID: 16730260 [PubMed - in process]
4: Ichim CV. Revisiting immunosurveillance and immunostimulation: Implications for cancer immunotherapy.J Transl Med. 2005 Feb 8;3(1):8.
PMID: 15698481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
5: Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting.Immunity. 2004 Aug;21(2):137-48. Review.
PMID: 15308095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Qin Z, Blankenstein T. A cancer immunosurveillance controversy.Nat Immunol. 2004 Jan;5(1):3-4; author reply 4-5. No abstract available.
PMID: 14699396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Boon T, van Baren N. Immunosurveillance against cancer and immunotherapy--synergy or antagonism?N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 16;348(3):252-4.
PMID: 12529468 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Ochsenbein AF. Principles of tumor immunosurveillance and implications for immunotherapy.Cancer Gene Ther. 2002 Dec;9(12):1043-55. Review.
PMID: 12522443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape.Nat Immunol. 2002 Nov;3(11):991-8. Review.
PMID: 12407406 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Lanier LL. A renaissance for the tumor immunosurveillance hypothesis.Nat Med. 2001 Nov;7(11):1178-80.
PMID: 11689875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1: Prehn RT. Cancers beget mutations versus mutations beget cancers.Cancer Res. 1994 Oct 15;54(20):5296-300.
PMID: 7923156 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Prehn RT. On the nature of cancer and why anticancer vaccines don't work.Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Aug 1;5(1):25.
PMID: 16060965 [PubMed]
3: Prehn RT. The role of mutation in the new cancer paradigm.Cancer Cell Int. 2005 Apr 26;5(1):9.
PMID: 15854226 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
并不是只有Duesberg 一个人反对基因突变学说，还有不同的派别。来自Harris H. 的看法：
1: Harris H. A long view of fashions in cancer research.Bioessays. 2005 Aug;27:833-8.
PMID: 16015588 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Harris H. Tumour suppression: putting on the brakes.Nature. 2004 Jan 15;427(6971):201.
PMID: 14724616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Harris H. The role of differentiation in the suppression of malignancy.J Cell Sci. 1990 Sep;97 ( Pt 1):5-10. Review.
PMID: 2258391 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
关于细胞永生化问题，20世纪60年代以前，人们一向认为细胞在体外可以无限传代培养，而Hayflick打破了这个神话。
1: HAYFLICK L. THE LIMITED IN VITRO LIFETIME OF HUMAN DIPLOID CELL STRAINS.Exp Cell Res. 1965 Mar;37:614-36. .
PMID: 14315085 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966]
2: Hayflick L. Mortality and immortality at the cellular level. A review.Biochemistry (Mosc). 1997 Nov;62(11):1180-90. Review.
PMID: 9467840 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
基因突变学说中著名的二次打击学说，是Knudson AG于1971年在研究视网膜母细胞瘤的流行病学和家系遗传规律过程中提出的。
1: Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Apr;68(4):820-3.
PMID: 5279523 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Knudson AG. Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer.Nat Rev Cancer. 2001 Nov;1(2):157-62. Review.
PMID: 11905807 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
肿瘤免疫的概念起源于本世纪初。1909年Ehrlich首先提出，免疫系统不仅负责防御微生物侵犯，而且能从肌体内清除改变了的宿主成分。此后人们认识到癌细胞是改变了的宿主成分。本世纪中期，Foley证实，纯系小鼠诱发的肿瘤能在同系小鼠之间移植，如在肿瘤的生长过程中将移植瘤完全切除，小鼠会对再次接种的肿瘤产生抵抗能力，再次接种的肿瘤或者不再生长，或者长到一定的大小便自行消退。这种抗性有专一性，因为它对再次接种来源于同系动物的另一肿瘤没有抵抗能力。实验说明，肿瘤确能被宿主视为"非己"而产生特异的免疫排斥反应。这使人们相信机体存在着抗肿瘤免疫机制。六十年代经Thomas、Burnet和Good等人将该观点系统化，提出了免疫监视学说。免疫监视学说的中心思想是：免疫系统具有一个十分完备的监视功能，能精确地区分“自己”、“非己”的成分；它不仅能清除外界侵入的各种微生物，排斥同种异体移植物，而且还能消灭机体内突变的细胞，防止肿瘤的生长，保护机体的健康。每当免疫监视功能由于这种或那种原因被削弱时，便为肿瘤的发生提供了有利条件；如果机体不具备免疫监视功能，人类的肿瘤发病率会大大提高。 临床也得到了一些支持的证据。但是目前仍然存在争论。
1: Burnet FM. The concept of immunological surveillance.Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1970;13:1-27. Review. .
PMID: 4921480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Burnet FM. Immunological surveillance in neoplasia.Transplant Rev. 1971;7:3-25.
PMID: 5146537 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
目前关于免疫监视学说的进展和改进
1: Klein G, Klein E. Surveillance against tumors--is it mainly immunological?Immunol Lett. 2005 Aug 15;100(1):29-33. Review.
PMID: 16129497 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2: Zitvogel L, Tesniere A, Kroemer G. Cancer despite immunosurveillance: immunoselection and immunosubversion.Nat Rev Immunol. 2006 Oct;6(10):715-27. Epub 2006 Sep 15. Review.
PMID: 16977338 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Smyth MJ, Dunn GP, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting: the roles of immunity in suppressing tumor development and shaping tumor immunogenicity.Adv Immunol. 2006;90:1-50.
PMID: 16730260 [PubMed - in process]
4: Ichim CV. Revisiting immunosurveillance and immunostimulation: Implications for cancer immunotherapy.J Transl Med. 2005 Feb 8;3(1):8.
PMID: 15698481 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
5: Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. The immunobiology of cancer immunosurveillance and immunoediting.Immunity. 2004 Aug;21(2):137-48. Review.
PMID: 15308095 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
6: Qin Z, Blankenstein T. A cancer immunosurveillance controversy.Nat Immunol. 2004 Jan;5(1):3-4; author reply 4-5. No abstract available.
PMID: 14699396 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
7: Boon T, van Baren N. Immunosurveillance against cancer and immunotherapy--synergy or antagonism?N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 16;348(3):252-4.
PMID: 12529468 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
8: Ochsenbein AF. Principles of tumor immunosurveillance and implications for immunotherapy.Cancer Gene Ther. 2002 Dec;9(12):1043-55. Review.
PMID: 12522443 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape.Nat Immunol. 2002 Nov;3(11):991-8. Review.
PMID: 12407406 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
10: Lanier LL. A renaissance for the tumor immunosurveillance hypothesis.Nat Med. 2001 Nov;7(11):1178-80.
PMID: 11689875 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
作者: cypress1975
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