翻译技巧（一）
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UNIT 2 Translation Skill—Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译）
1.Definition of Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译的界定）
直译与意译是两种最基本的翻译方法。直译：既保持原文内容又保持原文形式的翻译方法（形似）。要求在保持内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格等方面尽可能趋于一致。意译：忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于原文形式与修辞手法的翻译方法（神似）。与直译相比，意译将目的语读者的接受程度作为衡量译文是否忠实的重要指标，原文的形式则不在考虑之内。即在必要时，可以完全舍弃原文形式，而致力于用目的语读者完全能够接受的译文忠实传达原文内容。
直译：
Bird flu, cold war, talk show, chain store, wait-and-see attitude, one country two systems; three represents，fans. All roads lead to Rome.
意译：
1)Adam’s apple 喉结
It rains cats and dogs.
我就是跳进黄河也洗不清。
It can’t make me clean even if I jump into the Yellow River.
Nothing could bring back my innocence.
2)Criminals must be made to see the consequences of their crimes. “An eye for eye and a tooth for tooth ” is the very basis of Justice.
直译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”正是法制的基础。
意译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以其人之道还治其人之身”正是法制的基础。
Do you see any green in my eye?
2.Literal Translation and Stiff Translation（直译与死译）
1)橱窗里摆着的是什么东西？
Shop window in displayed is what thing?
What's that in shop window?
2)来就来，可是买这么多水果干什么呀？
Come just come, but buy so many fruits do what?
You are so kind to bring much fruit here, thank you.
3)The bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
细菌性肺炎在年龄的两个极端复杂地流行。
比较：患流行性感冒的幼儿和老人可能会并发细菌性肺炎。
4)I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.
死译：我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。
改译：我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。
3.Free translation and Ungrounded Translation（意译和乱译）
1)I want to hit the sack and get some Z's.
我想抢包弄些钱花。
我要去睡觉。
2)More weight must be placed on the past history of patients.
在过去的医院里，患者的负担很重。
过于肥胖可以加重病人的疾病史。
改译：必须更加重视患者的既往史
4.Combination of Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译并用）
Miss Smith may serve as a good secretary, for she is as close as an oyster.
翻译时尽量避免下列三种情况：
表达过度over-presentation
1)Mary went upstairs.
玛丽上二楼去了。
2)He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.
他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，并且好为人师。
他想学习，增长知识，并且希望把自己的知识传授给别人。
3)He is lying on his back, fixing his eyes on the shining stars in the sky.
他坦腹高卧，遥望星空，神游天际。
他躺在地上，凝视天空中闪耀的群星。
表达不足 under-presentation
His last book on building styles, although fragmentary and almost unknown, is I think one of his important ones.
尽管他最后一本论建筑风格的书鲜为人知，但却是他的一本重要著作。
他最后一本论建筑风格的书，尽管不够完善，且鲜为人知，但我认为仍不失为他的一本重要著作。
翻译腔 translation tune
1)A luxuriant tan speaks health and glamour.
丰润的黑皮肤诉说着健康和魅力。
丰润的黑皮肤是健康和魅力的标志。
2)The failure of normal subjects to acquire acute bacterial pneumonia is due to the efficient defense barriers of the lower respiratory tract.
正常人获得急性细菌性肺炎的障碍是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障。
正常人之所以不会患急性细菌性肺炎是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障。
EXERCISES 2:
1)A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔。
2)She has many hot potatoes to handle every day.
她每天都要处理很多棘手的问题。
3)Cry up wine and sell vinegar.
挂羊头，卖狗肉。
4)The nest egg for old age is absolutely critical.
攒一笔钱以备老来之用是绝对必要的。
5)Jack has become Jack of all trades and master of none.
杰克成了个万事皆通而一无所长的人。
6)The patient's fever has run its course.
病人已经退烧了。
7)Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.
野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。
8)Ketoacidosis supervened within ten hours of insulin deprivation when glucagons secretion was not inhibited. Obviously, in this complication of diabetes, glucagons emerges as a villain whose misdeeds, it is hoped ，can be prevented.
胰高糖素的分泌未加控制时，在停用胰岛素十小时内，便并发了酮症酸中毒，显然，在糖尿病并发此症的过程中胰高糖素起了助长作用，我们希望防止这种情况的发生。
9)Sterling sold consumer goods in great demand but in short supply.
斯特林投机倒把兜售紧俏商品。
斯特林出售紧俏商品。
10)"I threw your stamp album in the furnace, Richard," she told him out of a clear sky, after supper one night.
“我把你的集邮册扔到火炉里去了，理查德，”一天晚上吃过晚饭，天空晴朗无云，他对他说。
“我把你的集邮册扔到火炉里去了，理查德，”一天晚上吃过晚饭，她突然对他说。
11)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
厚厚的地毯消解了我的脚步声。
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
12)Sweating involves losses of electrolytes as well as water.
出汗不但包括水分流失，还包括电解质流失。
Assignment
British newspapers--- all of them some of the time, and some of them almost all the time---behave badly in two ways. They intrude unnecessarily and often hurtfully into people's privacy; and they publish inaccurate, sometimes made-up stories. The victims have little redress. If they are rich and the article is defamatory, they can sue for libel. Most cannot afford to do so, and even the rich cannot prevent an invasion of their privacy. Fierce competition, particularly between tabloid newspapers, lead to more feet in more doors.
英国的报纸有两点很不像话。一是无端侵犯别人的私生活，并往往给人造成精神上的伤害；二是刊登失实的，有时甚至是无中生有的报道。所有的报纸都无一例外，有的偶尔为之，有的则几乎天天如此。受害人名誉受损，但又得不到什么洗刷。受害人若是有钱人家，加上报纸刊登的文章又确是恶意中伤，那么他们可以诽谤罪向法院起诉。但大多数受害人是打不起这种官司的。即使是有钱人也不能使自己的隐私免受侵犯。各种报纸之间，特别是各种图片小报之间的激烈竞争，导致这种寻觅个人和家庭隐私材料作报道的行为日见其多。
1.Definition of Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译的界定）
直译与意译是两种最基本的翻译方法。直译：既保持原文内容又保持原文形式的翻译方法（形似）。要求在保持内容的前提下，力求使译文与原文在选词用字、句法结构、形象比喻及风格等方面尽可能趋于一致。意译：忠实于原文内容而不拘泥于原文形式与修辞手法的翻译方法（神似）。与直译相比，意译将目的语读者的接受程度作为衡量译文是否忠实的重要指标，原文的形式则不在考虑之内。即在必要时，可以完全舍弃原文形式，而致力于用目的语读者完全能够接受的译文忠实传达原文内容。
直译：
Bird flu, cold war, talk show, chain store, wait-and-see attitude, one country two systems; three represents，fans. All roads lead to Rome.
意译：
1)Adam’s apple 喉结
It rains cats and dogs.
我就是跳进黄河也洗不清。
It can’t make me clean even if I jump into the Yellow River.
Nothing could bring back my innocence.
2)Criminals must be made to see the consequences of their crimes. “An eye for eye and a tooth for tooth ” is the very basis of Justice.
直译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”正是法制的基础。
意译：必须使罪犯看到自己犯罪的结果，“以其人之道还治其人之身”正是法制的基础。
Do you see any green in my eye?
2.Literal Translation and Stiff Translation（直译与死译）
1)橱窗里摆着的是什么东西？
Shop window in displayed is what thing?
What's that in shop window?
2)来就来，可是买这么多水果干什么呀？
Come just come, but buy so many fruits do what?
You are so kind to bring much fruit here, thank you.
3)The bacterial pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age.
细菌性肺炎在年龄的两个极端复杂地流行。
比较：患流行性感冒的幼儿和老人可能会并发细菌性肺炎。
4)I have read your articles. I expected to meet an older man.
死译：我读过你的文章，我期望见到一位更老的人。
改译：我读过你的文章，想不到你这么年轻。
3.Free translation and Ungrounded Translation（意译和乱译）
1)I want to hit the sack and get some Z's.
我想抢包弄些钱花。
我要去睡觉。
2)More weight must be placed on the past history of patients.
在过去的医院里，患者的负担很重。
过于肥胖可以加重病人的疾病史。
改译：必须更加重视患者的既往史
4.Combination of Literal Translation and Free Translation（直译与意译并用）
Miss Smith may serve as a good secretary, for she is as close as an oyster.
翻译时尽量避免下列三种情况：
表达过度over-presentation
1)Mary went upstairs.
玛丽上二楼去了。
2)He wanted to learn, to know, to teach.
他渴望博学广闻，喜欢追根穷源，并且好为人师。
他想学习，增长知识，并且希望把自己的知识传授给别人。
3)He is lying on his back, fixing his eyes on the shining stars in the sky.
他坦腹高卧，遥望星空，神游天际。
他躺在地上，凝视天空中闪耀的群星。
表达不足 under-presentation
His last book on building styles, although fragmentary and almost unknown, is I think one of his important ones.
尽管他最后一本论建筑风格的书鲜为人知，但却是他的一本重要著作。
他最后一本论建筑风格的书，尽管不够完善，且鲜为人知，但我认为仍不失为他的一本重要著作。
翻译腔 translation tune
1)A luxuriant tan speaks health and glamour.
丰润的黑皮肤诉说着健康和魅力。
丰润的黑皮肤是健康和魅力的标志。
2)The failure of normal subjects to acquire acute bacterial pneumonia is due to the efficient defense barriers of the lower respiratory tract.
正常人获得急性细菌性肺炎的障碍是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障。
正常人之所以不会患急性细菌性肺炎是由于下呼吸道的有效防御屏障。
EXERCISES 2:
1)A rolling stone gathers no moss.
滚石不生苔。
2)She has many hot potatoes to handle every day.
她每天都要处理很多棘手的问题。
3)Cry up wine and sell vinegar.
挂羊头，卖狗肉。
4)The nest egg for old age is absolutely critical.
攒一笔钱以备老来之用是绝对必要的。
5)Jack has become Jack of all trades and master of none.
杰克成了个万事皆通而一无所长的人。
6)The patient's fever has run its course.
病人已经退烧了。
7)Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.
野心不仅是罪恶的根源，也是毁灭的根源。
8)Ketoacidosis supervened within ten hours of insulin deprivation when glucagons secretion was not inhibited. Obviously, in this complication of diabetes, glucagons emerges as a villain whose misdeeds, it is hoped ，can be prevented.
胰高糖素的分泌未加控制时，在停用胰岛素十小时内，便并发了酮症酸中毒，显然，在糖尿病并发此症的过程中胰高糖素起了助长作用，我们希望防止这种情况的发生。
9)Sterling sold consumer goods in great demand but in short supply.
斯特林投机倒把兜售紧俏商品。
斯特林出售紧俏商品。
10)"I threw your stamp album in the furnace, Richard," she told him out of a clear sky, after supper one night.
“我把你的集邮册扔到火炉里去了，理查德，”一天晚上吃过晚饭，天空晴朗无云，他对他说。
“我把你的集邮册扔到火炉里去了，理查德，”一天晚上吃过晚饭，她突然对他说。
11)The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.
厚厚的地毯消解了我的脚步声。
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。
12)Sweating involves losses of electrolytes as well as water.
出汗不但包括水分流失，还包括电解质流失。
Assignment
British newspapers--- all of them some of the time, and some of them almost all the time---behave badly in two ways. They intrude unnecessarily and often hurtfully into people's privacy; and they publish inaccurate, sometimes made-up stories. The victims have little redress. If they are rich and the article is defamatory, they can sue for libel. Most cannot afford to do so, and even the rich cannot prevent an invasion of their privacy. Fierce competition, particularly between tabloid newspapers, lead to more feet in more doors.
英国的报纸有两点很不像话。一是无端侵犯别人的私生活，并往往给人造成精神上的伤害；二是刊登失实的，有时甚至是无中生有的报道。所有的报纸都无一例外，有的偶尔为之，有的则几乎天天如此。受害人名誉受损，但又得不到什么洗刷。受害人若是有钱人家，加上报纸刊登的文章又确是恶意中伤，那么他们可以诽谤罪向法院起诉。但大多数受害人是打不起这种官司的。即使是有钱人也不能使自己的隐私免受侵犯。各种报纸之间，特别是各种图片小报之间的激烈竞争，导致这种寻觅个人和家庭隐私材料作报道的行为日见其多。
作者: acer_00
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