癌症研究历史经典回顾和热点寻踪（一）
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1915年，日本人Katsusaburo Yamagiwa 和 Koichi Ichikawa 经过1年实验，终于首次用coal tar 提取物在兔子耳朵上诱导出了肿瘤，第一次证明某些化学物质可以致癌，第一次人工制造了癌症，为后来的癌变机理研究打开了大门。
1.Katsusaburo Yamagiwa (1863-1930).CA Cancer J Clin. 1977 May-Jun;27(3):172-3.
PMID: 406017 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Henschen F. Yamagiwa's tar cancer and its historical significance. From Percival Pott to Katsusaburo Yamagiwa.
Gann. 1968 Dec;59:447-51.
1941年，著名的肿瘤学家Berenblum I提出了化学诱导癌症的两阶段学说：启动－促进学说。该学说为后来的突变和选择学说建立了基础。
参考文献：
1.Berenblum I, Armuth V. Two independent aspects of tumor promotion.Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Aug 31;651(1):51-63. Review. .
PMID: 7025906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Berenblum I. Established principles and unresolved problems in carcinogenesis.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1978 Apr;60(4):723-6. Review. .
PMID: 344897 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Berenblum I. A re-evaluation of the concept of cocarciongenesis.Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1969;11:21-30. Review.
PMID: 4891849 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4.BERENBLUM I. A speculative review; the probable nature of promoting action and its significance in the understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis.Cancer Res. 1954 Aug;14(7):471-7.
5.Stockwell S. Classics in oncology: Isaac Berenblum, M.D.
CA Cancer J Clin. 1981 Jul-Aug;31(4):239-53.
1912年，法国外科医生建立了体外组织培养方法，为体外研究细胞癌变奠定了基础。
参考文献：
1.Carrel A. Landmark article Nov 11, 1911: Rejuvenation of cultures of tissues. By Alexis Carrel.
JAMA. 1983 Aug 26;250:1085.
PMID: 6348324 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Najafi H. Landmark perspective: Dr. Alexis Carrel and tisue culture.JAMA. 1983 Aug 26;250:1086-9.
PMID: 6352980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3.Rapaport FT. Alexis Carrel, triumph and tragedy.Transplant Proc. 1987 Aug;19(4 Suppl 5):3-8.
PMID: 3303567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1975年美国伯克力大学Bruce Ames发明了用细菌筛选化学致突变物质方法，简单有效，现在被称为为Ames实验，检测了成千上万种化学物质，发现大部分致突变物质是致癌物，虽然致癌物不一定完全是致突变物质，但是似乎为基因突变学说提供了坚实的依据。然而后来Ames宣称人类的癌症90％以上与现代工业污染没有直接关系。
参考文献：
1.McCann J, Ames BN. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals: discussion.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Mar;73(3):950-4. Review.
PMID: 768988 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Ames BN. Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer.Science. 1979 May 11;204(4393):587-93. Review.
PMID: 373122 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3.Ames BN, Magaw R, Gold LS. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards.Science. 1987 Apr 17;236(4799):271-80.
PMID: 3563506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4.Ames BN. What are the major carcinogens in the etiology of human cancer? Environmental pollution, natural carcinogens, and the causes of human cancer: six errors.Important Adv Oncol. 1989;:237-47. Review.
5.Ames BN, Gold LS, Willett WC. The causes and prevention of cancer.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jun 6;92(12):5258-65. Review.
PMID: 7777494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1969年，美国NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE的Robert J. Huebner 和 George J. Todaro提出了原始的癌基因学说，虽然后来癌基因学说在此基础上进行了修改。
参考文献：
Huebner RJ, Todaro GJ. Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1969 Nov;64(3):1087-94.
编辑：西门吹血
1.Katsusaburo Yamagiwa (1863-1930).CA Cancer J Clin. 1977 May-Jun;27(3):172-3.
PMID: 406017 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Henschen F. Yamagiwa's tar cancer and its historical significance. From Percival Pott to Katsusaburo Yamagiwa.
Gann. 1968 Dec;59:447-51.
1941年，著名的肿瘤学家Berenblum I提出了化学诱导癌症的两阶段学说：启动－促进学说。该学说为后来的突变和选择学说建立了基础。
参考文献：
1.Berenblum I, Armuth V. Two independent aspects of tumor promotion.Biochim Biophys Acta. 1981 Aug 31;651(1):51-63. Review. .
PMID: 7025906 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Berenblum I. Established principles and unresolved problems in carcinogenesis.J Natl Cancer Inst. 1978 Apr;60(4):723-6. Review. .
PMID: 344897 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3: Berenblum I. A re-evaluation of the concept of cocarciongenesis.Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1969;11:21-30. Review.
PMID: 4891849 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4.BERENBLUM I. A speculative review; the probable nature of promoting action and its significance in the understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis.Cancer Res. 1954 Aug;14(7):471-7.
5.Stockwell S. Classics in oncology: Isaac Berenblum, M.D.
CA Cancer J Clin. 1981 Jul-Aug;31(4):239-53.
1912年，法国外科医生建立了体外组织培养方法，为体外研究细胞癌变奠定了基础。
参考文献：
1.Carrel A. Landmark article Nov 11, 1911: Rejuvenation of cultures of tissues. By Alexis Carrel.
JAMA. 1983 Aug 26;250:1085.
PMID: 6348324 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Najafi H. Landmark perspective: Dr. Alexis Carrel and tisue culture.JAMA. 1983 Aug 26;250:1086-9.
PMID: 6352980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3.Rapaport FT. Alexis Carrel, triumph and tragedy.Transplant Proc. 1987 Aug;19(4 Suppl 5):3-8.
PMID: 3303567 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1975年美国伯克力大学Bruce Ames发明了用细菌筛选化学致突变物质方法，简单有效，现在被称为为Ames实验，检测了成千上万种化学物质，发现大部分致突变物质是致癌物，虽然致癌物不一定完全是致突变物质，但是似乎为基因突变学说提供了坚实的依据。然而后来Ames宣称人类的癌症90％以上与现代工业污染没有直接关系。
参考文献：
1.McCann J, Ames BN. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals: discussion.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Mar;73(3):950-4. Review.
PMID: 768988 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
2.Ames BN. Identifying environmental chemicals causing mutations and cancer.Science. 1979 May 11;204(4393):587-93. Review.
PMID: 373122 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
3.Ames BN, Magaw R, Gold LS. Ranking possible carcinogenic hazards.Science. 1987 Apr 17;236(4799):271-80.
PMID: 3563506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4.Ames BN. What are the major carcinogens in the etiology of human cancer? Environmental pollution, natural carcinogens, and the causes of human cancer: six errors.Important Adv Oncol. 1989;:237-47. Review.
5.Ames BN, Gold LS, Willett WC. The causes and prevention of cancer.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jun 6;92(12):5258-65. Review.
PMID: 7777494 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
1969年，美国NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE的Robert J. Huebner 和 George J. Todaro提出了原始的癌基因学说，虽然后来癌基因学说在此基础上进行了修改。
参考文献：
Huebner RJ, Todaro GJ. Oncogenes of RNA tumor viruses as determinants of cancer.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1969 Nov;64(3):1087-94.
编辑：西门吹血
作者: cypress1975
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