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内参
内参在生物学研究中非常常见。例如RT-PCR或western blot实验中常用表达量稳定的管家基因/蛋白作为评估不同样本之间目标基因或蛋白变化的参考。以western blot为例，如果加药处理前后GAPDH或tublin、actin等基本没有变化，而目标蛋白表达变化明显，则说明“加药”过程中目标蛋白的表达受到影响。内参的引入可以排除上样量不同或样本处理过程中的偏差导致的可能误差···
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Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets
Lewis, BP; Burge, CB; Bartel, DP Cell 2005,120(1)15-20 引用次数 2061
这篇发表于2005年的Cell paper截至2011年8月15日引用次数已达2061次。该文章首次提出种子序列的概念，即miRNA中第2-7个核苷酸为与mRNA严格互补的保守的“种子序列”。该文章对miRNA研究产生了重要影响。
【摘要】We predict regulatory targets of vertebrate microRNAs (miRNAs) by identifying mRNAs with conserved complementarity to the seed (nucleotides 2-7) of the miRNA. An overrepresentation of conserved adenosines flanking the seed complementary sites in mRNAs indicates that primary sequence determinants can supplement base pairing to specify miRNA target recognition. In a four-genome analysis of 3' UTRs, approximately 13,000 regulatory relationships were detected above the estimate of false-positive predictions, thereby implicating as miRNA targets more than 5300 human genes, which represented 30% of our gene set. Targeting was also detected in open reading frames. In sum, well over one third of human genes appear to be conserved miRNA targets.
免费下载原文http://download.cell.com/pdf/PIIS0092867404012607.pdf?intermediate=true
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