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内参
内参在生物学研究中非常常见。例如RT-PCR或western blot实验中常用表达量稳定的管家基因/蛋白作为评估不同样本之间目标基因或蛋白变化的参考。以western blot为例，如果加药处理前后GAPDH或tublin、actin等基本没有变化，而目标蛋白表达变化明显，则说明“加药”过程中目标蛋白的表达受到影响。内参的引入可以排除上样量不同或样本处理过程中的偏差导致的可能误差···
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原位检测石蜡标本中的microRNA
石蜡标本中的核酸检测一直是一个非常重要但比较困难的技术。随着microRNA研究的逐渐升温，石蜡标本中miRNA的检测越来越受到关注。Nuovo GJ等的文章介绍了原位检测石蜡标本中前体和成熟miRNA的方法及技术要点。（A methodology for the combined in situ analyses of the precursor and mature forms of microRNAs and correlation with their putative targets Nat Protoc. 2009 ; 4(1): 107-115）
A methodology for the combined in situ analyses of the precursor and mature forms of microRNAs and correlation with their putative targets
Abstract There are relatively few protocols described for the in situ detection of microRNA (miRNA) and they often use cryostat sections, signal amplification and hybridization or washes of 50?60 °C. This protocol describes in situ miRNA detection that can be done in paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue. Detection of the miRNA precursors can be done by RT in situ PCR, which can theoretically detect one copy per cell. The key variable for the RT in situ PCR protocol is optimal protease digestion, which is then followed by overnight DNase digestion and target specific incorporation of the reported nucleotide into the amplified cDNA. Detection of mature miRNAs is achieved by in situ hybridization with locked nucleic acid probes. This part of the protocol involves a brief protease digestion, followed by an overnight hybridization, short low stringency wash and detection of the labeled probe. The key variables for this method include probe concentration and stringency conditions. Each miRNA in situ method takes 1 d. The final step of the protocol involves colabeling by immunohistochemistry for the putative target of the miRNA, which is done after the in situ hybridization step and takes a few hours.
原文链接：http://www.nature.com/nprot/journal/v4/n1/full/nprot.2008.215.html
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